The Hanukkah menorah, also called a hanukkiah, has a history linked to the story of Hanukkah itself. Here's a breakdown:
The Temple Menorah: The concept goes back to the seven-branched menorah, a lampstand, described in the Hebrew Bible [Exodus 25:31-40]. This menorah was used in the ancient Jerusalem Temple.
The Maccabees and the Miracle: Around 164 BCE, the Jews led by Judah Maccabee recaptured the Temple from their oppressors. According to tradition, they found only a small amount of oil to light the Temple menorah, which would only last a day. Miraculously, the oil lasted for eight days, allowing them to prepare more oil.
Hanukkah and the Menorah: The eight-day miracle is a central part of Hanukkah, and the menorah became a symbol of the holiday. Hanukkah menorahs have eight branches, one for each night of Hanukkah, with a ninth branch or holder for the shamash, the candle used to light the others.
Development of the Hanukkiah: Early Hanukkah lights were likely simple clay or stone lamps. Over time, specific menorahs designed for Hanukkah, or hanukkiot, emerged. These can be beautiful works of art made from various materials.
So, the Hanukkah menorah both reflects the ancient Temple menorah and serves as a reminder of the miracle of oil that sustains the holiday's central story.